A summary of educational theories (Merriam and Caffarella 1991: 138)
Aspect/School
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Theorists
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Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson, Guthrie, Hull, Tolman, Skinner
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Maslow, Rogers
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Bandura, Lave and Wenger, Salomon
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View of the learning process
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Change in behaviour
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Internal mental process (including insight, information processing, memory, perception
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A personal act to fulfill potential.
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Interaction /observation in social contexts. Movement from the periphery to the centre of a community of practice
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Locus of learning
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Stimuli in external environment
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Internal cognitive structuring
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Affective and cognitive needs
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Learning is in relationship between people and environment.
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Purpose in education
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Produce behavioural change in desired direction
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Develop capacity and skills to learn better
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Become self-actualized, autonomous
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Full participation in communities of practice and utilization of resources
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Educator's role
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Arranges environment to elicit desired response
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Structures content of learning activity
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Facilitates development of the whole person
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Works to establish communities of practice in which conversation and participation can occur.
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Manifestations in learning
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Behavioural objectives
Competency -based education
Skill development and training
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Cognitive development
Intelligence, learning and memory as function of age
Learning how to learn
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Andragogy(learning strategies focused on adults)
Self-directed learning
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Socialization
Social participation
Associationalism
Conversation
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I have posted a summary of the views of the major schools of education and marked bold and underlined the items which agree with our beliefs and approaches.
ReplyDeleteWe, nevertheless, know that education is breaking away from being a philosophy or an art, and progressing along the lines of the empirical sciences. The discoveries in the filed of cognitive neuroscience are having a clear impact on our understanding of what learning is and hence on the methodologies that educators need to adopt in order to optimise learning and meet the needs and expectations of the communities they serve.